B.Ed.first year (2023-25)
Assignment
Topic:-Administration &
Interpretation of two psychological tests- Intelligence, Personality
Part-A (8-10 page)
Introduction:
v Psychology-meaning & definition
v Concept of
Psychological Test:-Meaning and Definition (3-4)
v Characteristics of A
Good Psychological Test
1. Objectivity
2. Reliability
3. Validity
4. Norms
5. Practicability
v Objective (Purpose ) of
Psychological Test
v Types of Psychological
Test:
Ø Intelligence
Tests:
Ø Personality
Tests
Ø Attitude
Tests
Ø Achievement
Tests
Ø Aptitude
Tests
Ø Neuro-psychology
Tests
v Scope of Psychological
Test
v Conclusion:
Part-B
A-Intelligence Test :-
B-Personality Test:-
hints for this test
Defining a Psychological Tests:-
In general life, we often use the
term ‘Test’ which simply means to examine.
ü According to Reber and Reber (2001)- “Test refers to any measurement
which yields quantitative data”. But in context of Psychology, the meaning of
test depends upon it’s applications. Qualities such as intelligence, attitude,
aptitude, personality characteristics and abilities are the subject matter of
the psychological tests, which can not be viewed directly. In psychological
test, one observe people’s behaviour in a systematic way and make inferences
about the underlying attributes that stimulate that behaviour.
ü As Reber and Reber
(2001) said, “A
psychological test refers to all the test of psychological nature.
ü ” According to F. S. Freeman (1965)- “A
psychological test is a standardized instrument designed to measure objectivity
one or more aspects of a total personality by means of samples of verbal and
non-verbal responses, or by means of other behaviours.”
ü
According
to Lee. J. Cronbach (1949)- “A test is a systematic procedure for
observing a person’s behaviour and describing with the aid of a numerical scale
or category system.”
This way we can say that ‘A psychological test’ is a structured technique
used to generate a carefully selected sample of behaviour. This behaviour
sample is used in turn, to make inferences about the psychological attributes
of the people who have been tested, attributes such as intelligence,
self-esteem and so forth. Psychological tests are behaviour samples that are
uniform, objective and interpretable. They are designed to gauge individual
differences and norms are often developed to help interpret these differences.
Characteristics
of a Good Psychological test:-
❖ 1. Objectivity: The test
should be free from subjective judgements such as wish, prejudice, etc.
regarding various attributes which are to be measured and evaluated like, the
ability, skill, knowledge or potentiality, traits, etc.
❖ 2. Reliability: This
simply refers to the extent to which the results obtained are consistent or
reliable, when the test is administered for more than one with a reasonable gap
of time, a reliable test will yield the same scores. It simply shows that the
test is trustworthy. Though, there are many methods of testing the reliability
of a test.
❖ 3. Validity: The
validity of the test signifies that the test measures what it meant to measure.
For example, when an intelligence test is developed to assess the level of
intelligence, it should assess the intelligence of the person, not other
factors. There are many ways to assess validity of a test. Simply, we can say
that it explains us whether the test fulfils the objective of it’s development.
❖ 4. Norms: It refer to
the average performance of a representative sample on a given test. According
to Chaplin (1975)- “A norm may be a single value or a range of values
expressing the typical performance of a group against which any individual can
be prepared. Norms may be expressed in terms of age, percentile or simple
average.” On the basis of nature, there are mainly four types of normsi. Age
norms ii. Grade norms iii. Percentile norms iv. Standard score norms
❖ 5. Practicability: The
psychological test must be practicable in- time required for completion, the
length, number of items or questions, scoring, etc. The test should neither be
too lengthy nor too short and difficult to answer as well as scoring.
Classification of Psychological
Test
According to Anastasi, there are three criteria of classification of the
psychological tests:
1.
On the
basis of Contents:
on this basis.
psychological tests can be divided into two types-
(i) Cognitive test: Cognitive tests are
those tests which are used to measure different abilities and capacities. It is
also called Ability test. Some of it’s examples are as follows-
ü
Test
of general intelligence: these tests are designed to measure general
intelligence of people. For example, an adult’s ability to cope with general
intellectual problems.
ü
Test
of creative intelligence: these tests are designed to measure creative
capacity.
ü
Test
of aptitude: Aptitude usually refers to the ability to learn a
particular kind of skill required in a specific situation. Test of aptitude is
designed to measure it, such as, musical aptitude test, mechanical aptitude
test, clerical aptitude test, etc.
ü
Test
of achievement: these tests are designed to measure the capacity or
ability to achieve the goal. These tests help in the prediction of the people’s
achievement in their field.
(ii) Non- Cognitive test:
Non-cognitive tests are those tests which are used to measure different aspects
of personality. It is also called Personality test. Some of it’s examples are
as follows-
(a) Test
of personality: these tests are designed to reveal an individual’s
personality which includes characteristics patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving.
(b)
Test of traits and temperaments: these tests are the deep study of the
traits and temperaments of a person, i.e. the way a person responds emotionally
and cognitively to another person, thing and/or situation. (c) Test of values and interests:
these tests focused on the personality attributes of interests and values. For
example, vocational interest.
2. On the basis of Purpose:
on this basis, psychological tests can be divided into two types:
(i) Descriptive
test: these are those tests in which the mode of the answer will
be descriptive, i.e. the testee has to give his response in a descriptive
manner. Descriptive test may be (a) Cognitive test or (b) Non-Cognitive test or
the mixture of both the types.
(ii) Selection test: in selection test the testee
has to choose or select the right choice from the multiple choice questions.
Selection test may also be (a) Cognitive test or (b) Non-Cognitive test.
3. On the basis of Form: on this
basis, psychological tests can be divided into five types-
ü
Oral test: the mode of this type of test is
oral, i.e. spoken. There is a lack of written work.
ü
Paper-pencil test: in this type of test, a test
booklet and an answer sheet is provided to the testee and he perform written
work using paper, pencil, etc.
ü Speed
test: in this type the questions of the test booklet are arranged in such a
manner that it can’t be completely solved within that time limit. There is a
lot of questions in the test booklet and the testee has to solve it in a short
timelimit. The scoring is done on the basis of speed, i.e. number of the solved
questions.
ü (iv) Power test: In this type of test, a test
booklet and an answer sheet is provided to the testee and there is also the
time limitation but the scoring is done on the basis of correctness, i.e.
accuracy of the answers.
ü (v)
Performance test: performance tests are those tests in which the language is
either used to direct or may not be used when pantomime and gesture is used for
the direction but in the items the language is never used. There are few
objects kept physically in front of the testee and they are asked to manipulate
and/or disentangle. These tests are both, individual as well as group. One of
the performance test which is widely used for the measurement of intelligence is
Alexander’s Battery of Performance test.
Purpose of Psychological test :-
Psychological test is an objective and standardised measure of an
individual’s mental and/or behavioural characteristics. The purpose of all the
psychological tests is to measure or to find out all the dimensions of
psychological attributes, i.e. individual differences. The study of the
individual differences is done in the following fields:
1. Prediction: by using
psychological test, assessment is done and the gathered information is used for
the prediction of future behavioural patterns. There are some fields of
prediction which are as follows:
ü a) Clinical field: for
assessment and prediction about any individual, a clinical psychologist
generally conduct psychological tests For example, if he conduct test of
emotional adjustment on a person and he finds that the score of that person is
very less than the average score of that test, i.e. poor emotional adjustment.
Then he can easily predict that the person may suffer from some mental illness
if not helped.
ü (b)
Field of academic achievements: Prediction is also done in the field of
academic achievements by psychological testing. For example, in schools, the
intelligence is measured of the student by using psychological tests and
prediction is done about the probability of his future achievements on the
basis of his scores.
ü (c) In the field of selection for employment:
tests are also used to select the appropriate person for a particular job. By
the help of the score obtained the prediction is done about the performance.
The selection of best employee is done on the basis of this prediction, which
is based on the psychological tests
2. Description and Selection: on the basis of psychological
tests, the assessment and description of the mental and/or behavioural
characteristics of an individual and his selection for a particular job or post
is done, where he can perform his best.
3. Diagnosis and treatment: the psychological tests play an
important role in the interpretation and analysis of the individual behaviour.
There is an analysis of different aspects of behaviour.
For example, a
school counsellor can easily conclude that why a student who is of high I.Q.
fails to perform better in his class, on the basis of the psychological tests.
A clinical psychologist can easily diagnose any patient suffering from any
mental disease on the basis of psychological testing.
The treatment is carried out
further after the diagnosis.
4. Research: One of the aim of the psychological test is to
research about the new theories and techniques. The psychological tests are
used widely now a days in the field of research. According to Gulliken (1954),
there is mutual relationship between the psychological test and the research.
Many psychological tests are the result of the research and many researches are
going on the theories which are the product of the psychological tests.
In
this way it is clear that, the psychological tests are widely used for the
various purposes such as for clinical diagnosis, guidance, personnel selection,
placement, training, etc.
