Thursday, 9 June 2022

Education Technology :-current Trends and issues

 

Mr.Ashish SIngh

M.Ed.-II SEM

UNIT-01 PART -02
Topic:-Education Technology: Present Trends

As technology has continued to alter the field of education, new developments in learning styles have emerged with a variety of functions that are enhancing the learning experience drastically. Through e-Learning systems, these methods for learning have furthered the accessibility of learning institutions and their materials. Furthermore, these learning methods uniquely improve the learning experience for learners. For example, learners who use gamification are allowed to learn concrete material while enjoying a unique learning experience. Like gamification, each learning method provided below has their own unique qualities that contribute greatly to the e-Learning experience.

Custom eLearning solutions and eLearning development have been growing exponentially! If your organization is looking for e-Learning development techniques to incorporate in their systems, then here are some of the top trends in the industry to consider. These techniques have a variety of ways to enhance the experience for your learners. Whether you intend to teach students or train employees, these techniques will further your learners educational development.

1 Micro-learning

                                           Popular for a variety of reasons, microlearning is a quick and easy method for teaching information. This learning solution presents small chunks of information in brief modules to learners and allows them to revisit at any time. These easy to consume bits of information are designed with the intent to help learners meet a specific goal on their learning path. In addition to being an effective tool for learning, there are a variety of benefits to using microlearning, to include:

  • Cost and Time Efficient
  •   Personalized to Learners
  •  Unbiased and Purposeful Knowledge
  • Can be used on any device in any location
  • More comprehensible for learners

                            Micro-learning is the perfect method of teaching for organizations who have a limited amount of disposable time for training, these brief modules can deliver high quality information without becoming a distraction. The adoption of micro-learning has become a popular phenomenon in eLearning, and instructors anticipate the trend will continue to accelerate within the industry.

2 Artificial Intelligence and Learning Assistance

                               Organizations with e-Learning solutions now offer innovative modules to their learners. With the development of artificial intelligence, instructors can now rely on virtual teacher assistants to help direct their learners through modules. For example, the use of artificial intelligent bots enables an assistive style of learning. Artificial intelligence within the industry has helped support learners throughout their educational experience in a variety of ways. Other advantages of using artificial intelligence include:

  • Real-Time Questioning
  • Natural Language Processing
  • Improves Accessibility
  • Generates Fresh Content
  • Personalizes the Learning Experience

                                                                  Additionally, these developments help personalize the learning experience as the technology can be used to predict learner behavior. Artificial intelligence has also been recognized as a new trend in e-Learning development for its ability to translate learning modules at a much faster rate than the traditional methods of translation. For organizations with globally dispersed learners, this learning technique has proven to be highly effective. While instructors may not be able to guide each student through the modules directly, they can rely on artificial intelligence to aid in directing learners.

#3 Mobile Learning

As technology continues to advance at a rapid pace, the education system has made several adjustments to adapt and keep abreast. The development of mobile learning has delivered a multitude of benefits. This new trend allows learners to access their material whenever and wherever they choose. Another noteworthy benefit of mobile learning is that it helps instructor's better monitor the learners performance. As 67% of people access learning through their mobile devices, this trend seems to be moving eLearning into a new direction. While applications that allow individuals to learn concentrated information have become very popular on the market please, it won't be too long before high impact learning materials hit the market as well.

As a rising trend in eLearning, mobile learning is a great tool for educational purposes. While it has a wide variety of benefits, including its accessibility and flexibility, mobile learning is also highly effective. Custom student information system software (SIS) for schools: Public K-12, Charter, Parochial, Private, College, University, Higher Education, Day Care Centers, Preschools, Online and Trade have adopted mobile learning to the maximum!

If you are considering implementing the mobile learning technique within your educational infrastructure, you can rest assured that there are a range of training needs that will be covered. This includes:

·      Formal Training

·      Instant Learning Ads

·      Informal Training

·      Self-Directed Learning

·      Social or Collaborative Learning

#4 Video-Based Learning

While this trend has been prevalent for quite some time, in recent years the use of instructional videos has propelled it into the forefront of eLearning. The versatility of video learning is one of its greatest features. For example, video learning can occur across a variety of platforms. While instructional videos can be contained on company sites and other how-to locations, learners can also find content on social sites like YouTube. Furthermore, video learning allows for the production of interactive, engaging, and visually appealing content; which will undoubtedly boost learners engagement.

Additionally, video content for learning purposes is fairly easy to make. The ability to use this technique as an e-learning authoring tool has made it very attractive within education systems. With today's technology instructors can produce a wide variety of interactive materials for their learners. Videos are a great medium for organizations to manage their training, as they can be used:

  • To complement or supplement corporate training needs
  • As stand alone instructional modules or as a connected series
  • To promote informal learning
  • To improve social or collaborative learning
  • To support instructor-led training (ILT) and virtual instructor-led training (VILT)

#5 Gamification

Gamification refers to the use of game mechanics to improve learning engagement and boost retention rates. Although this trend defies all modern learning strategies, it has become a highly effective tool and contributes greatly to the popularity of eLearning today. One benefit of gamification is that it allows businesses and institutions to create both tangible and intangible incentives to draft successful training results. For example, an online course can be designed to reward learners with points or badges as they complete modules. Although these modules tend to simplify the learning process, they make the content more appealing to the learner. Corporate trainers and educators can use the gamification method of teaching to foster an emotional and intensive learning experience.

Although gamification is widely recognized for its entertaining elements, games that are well thought out, well designed, and address the needs of learners are more than highly-effective. As an e-Learning authoring tool, this technique allows instructors to create invaluable content. Content authoring software solutions using gamification is new way to improve the learning experience.

If this method of learning is well-crafted for serious learning, instructors can achieve the following:Higher engagement    Better completion rates

  •       Higher recall and retention
  •        Quicker application of the learning material
  •        Proficiency gain
  •        Influences behavior

#6 Big Data

Another trend in eLearning is the collection and analysis of data for insight into learning behaviors and habits. The term, big data, refers to the massive amount of data collected from students' activities and their performance. From this information, instructors can gain a better understanding of where their students are on the learning scale and their style of learning. This allows organizations to adjust their training techniques to suit the needs of learners by harnessing the power of big data, organizations can better understand their customers.

For companies that are in the process of developing an eLearning system for their learning materials, you may want to consider how your application will collect and analyze learners' data. This trend is essential to the effectiveness of your material. Big data allows instructors to monitor learners' behavior and understand how they learn. With this information, instructors can adapt their learning modules and create a more personalized learning experience.

#7 The Debut of the Voice of the Learner

As more institutions and organizations have become interested in the collection and analysis of their learners' data, there has been a rise in initiatives that aim to uncover vital feedback on the learning experience. The Voice of the Learner, or VOL, is one of the initiatives that aim to increase the quality of feedback that is being received from learners. With the voice of learners, organizations have impactful insights at their disposal. The software uses a combination of platforms, survey tools, social listening software, and analytical capabilities to provide an accurate story on how well their training and educational programs are working. Additionally the software can highlight areas of the program that still need improvement.

The Voice of the Learner initiative is perfect for companies and organizations looking to prioritize improving their learning experience. Organizations interested in data collection would greatly benefit from the implementation of the Voice of the Learner. With the implementation of this initiative, organizations can properly track:

  •  Course completion rates
  •    Course ratings
  •    Assessment scores
  •    The impact of the learning experience on the learners' work

#8 Self-Directed Learning

This trend in eLearning gives all the learning power over to the learner. Self-directed learning requires learners to take the initiative when learning. While students of other learning methods can rely on their instructors' supervision, self-directed learning can be performed with or without an instructor. Custom Web-Based Training (WBT) Software Development with self-directed learning in mind has created a new way for students to accelerate their learning. With this method of learning, learners can choose when, where, and how they learn. This style of learning provides learners with control over:

ü  Diagnosing their learning needs

ü  Formulating their learning goals

ü  Identifying material resources for learning

ü  Implementing learning strategies

ü  Evaluating learning outcomes

While there are a wide variety of benefits of this style of teaching, instructors need to ensure learners are continuously motivated to complete their modules. Although learners being in control of their educational experience is a great benefit, it can also become a challenge. This style of learning requires learners to be dedicated to completing their courses and modules. In addition to being both a flexible and accessible method of learning, self-directed learning is also cost efficient; as the investment costs are relatively low.

#9 Blended Learning

This eLearning trend uses a combination of different learning formats to make learning more effective.

 For example, instructors can combine the use of video learning and micro learning to ensure learners are effectively grasping the material. Blended learning can also include face-to-face instruction; which is another great benefit. This method of learning will also ensure instructors maximize their resources to ensure learners grasps the material.

If you are considering developing an eLearning system for your learners then you may want to incorporate a blended learning method to ensure you maximize the quality of your material. Whether you are teaching students or training employees, this style of teaching can help you accomplish your educational needs. Although this method requires instructors to be trained in technology usage, there are a wide variety of advantages to using blended learning, including:

·      Flexibility

·      Highly Effective

·      Empowers the Instructor

·      Improves Learner Engagement

·      Incorporates a variety of teaching approaches

#10 Immersive Learning

While the attention spans of learners seem to be dwindling down, educators are looking for more adaptive teaching solutions to help students better retain and preserve learning material. Additionally, an immersive training method may inspire a better connection between learners and the learning materials. Immersive learning includes:

·      Augmented Reality (AR)

·      Virtual Reality (VR)

·      Mixed Reality (MR)

These three approaches to learning deliver a high quality learning experience that instructors can rely on. Augmented reality is the use of the real world and a digital overlay of information to convey learning material. The use of this approach provides learners with a level of real-life experience that is unmatched by its counterparts. Virtual reality, on the other hand, uses a completely digital environment to provide a synthetic experience to learners. Although virtual reality is more commonly used for gaming purposes, it is a great tool for elearning. It allows learners to grasp material that may involve hazardous behavior. Mixed reality allows learners to interact with both the physical and virtual environments.

If you are considering developing an eLearning software, you may want to integrate an immersive learning module of teaching. The approach is popular for its ability to enhance the retention of learning material. Fortune 500 companies, like Boeing, Walmart, and UPS are reaping the benefits of immersive learning by incorporating the technique into their worker education programs. While this method of learning can be a bit pricey, its effectiveness can elicit amazing results for instructors.

These trends have allowed education institutions to expand their learning experiences. Trends like mobile learning and video-based learning allow users to access training materials from virtually anywhere in the world. Improved technology in Custom Learning Management System (LMS) Software Solutions has spearheaded advanced LMS Cloud Solutions, Rich Learning Environments, Custom Learning Paths and responsive Integrated Learning Management Systems. This feature guarantees that learners won't be restricted to the classroom. On the other hand, trends like immersive learning and gamification have enhanced the learning experience altogether. If you are looking to develop an eLearning system, consider incorporating a few of these trends to maximize the effectiveness of your learning experience.

 

11-NANO-LEARNING

                                        This learning describes a new EdTech concept. In this transformative technological trend, students can get an instant source of learning via ultra-bite-sized lessons exactly when and where they need them.

Nano-learning is still popular but will undoubtedly grow in popularity in the coming future as, in today's hustles, it fits effortlessly with society's need for ways of passing on knowledge and proficiency.

12-STEAM

                     STEAM-based programs are the new EdTech improvement over the STEM programs. This new trend of EdTech applies meaningful Science, Technology, Engineering, Art (the new element), and Math content to solve real-world problems through hands-on learning activities and creative design.

                           Concerning the advantages of STEAM, the first thing is that it helps students become increasingly curious about the world around them. Moreover, it also creates a safe environment for the learners to express and experience their ideas while thinking outside the box. The comfort of hands-on learning also helps students collaborate better with others.

13. Social Media In Learning

                                                   Have you ever thought that social media would be a part of the learning process? When every student, both young and mature, spends so much time on social media, why don’t we turn it into a powerful tool to enhance learning?


                                                                                                           It’s how the idea to use social media for teaching came about. Many educational institutes have started using social media as a communication tool in which students can interact with others easily. Students can share study materials, discuss with others in a group, or easily comment on someone else’s post. Even an animated learning video could go viral on social media. And TedEd is the typical example of this trend! This organization creates lessons worth sharing and posts them on YouTube where people can easily access, find, and share the educational videos with their friends.

Social media is here to stay and build a culture of collaboration and sharing, leading to an improved learning experience.

Current Issues in Educational Technology

                                   There are so many current trends and issues in educational technology. In the sphere of education, technology has been widely adopted. However, some educational trends are an issue as well. Let’s see the current trends and issues in educational technology in brief.

•         Virtual Addictivity :-Mobile addictivity is one of the most alarming current trends and issues in educational technology. Mobile phones and other electronic gadgets are being utilized to join online classrooms. Though mobile learning is a very popular trend, students are getting more addicted to the virtual world. It is one of the most alarming current trends and issues in educational technology.

•         Budget Limit:- The greatest barrier to embracing technology in education is financial constraints. Great educational technology isn’t cheap. So, the limitation to accessing the powerful tools is the current trends and issues in educational technology.

•         Lack of Professional Training:- Every day, new and advanced educational technology emerges. Thus, the limitations of professional training are current trends and issues in educational technology. Because teachers must be able to know how to use each new tool to its full potential and also train their students to use it.

•         Inadequate Network Infrastructure:- Designing, constructing, and maintaining a good network infrastructure requires a tremendous amount of effort and planning. It is required for the successful and appropriate use of technology in education to continue. So, failure to build those infrastructures are current trends and issues in educational technology.

•         Change-Averseness:-Change aversion and a reluctance to adopt new technology have become one of the most common current trends and issues in educational technology.

                              There are benefits and drawbacks to everything. So, adopting technology in education has demerits and drawbacks as well. All the current trends and issues in educational technology discussed here are just an overview, but they are not exhaustive. So, whatever the current trends and issues in educational technology, we need to pick the best out of the worst.


NOTE :image is taken from web link is given below

Monday, 6 June 2022

Understanding Level of Teaching (M.Ed.-II SE)

 

 

M.Ed.-II SEM

CC-08

UNIT-2  


Understanding Level of Teac

                 It comes in between the memory level and reflective level. This stage teaching involves a moderate level thoughtful behaviour. It is a pre-requisite for the reflective level teaching-learning which requires the use of higher mental processes.

*    The term “understanding” literally means to comprehend, to grasp, and to have knowledge of, to learn, to interpret and to infer etc. in order words, understanding implies to know the meanings of things and concepts, to grasp an idea, to interpret some relationship, to comprehend the facts and to infer one thing from some other.

*    At understanding level of teaching and learning the learners are required to comprehend factual information, to know the meanings of difficult concepts, and their relationships and to apply facts, concepts and principles.

*     This level of teaching-learning is largely supported by the Herbartian theory of apperception, which states that this level of teaching seeks the leaner to acquaint himself with the relationship between facts and principles. Here, the mental development of the learner is at higher level than that of memory level.

*      His cognitive abilities are well developed now: he can analyses and synthesize, make comparisons and generalizations, draw inferences, and can be said that the development of cognitive abilities of the learner at this stage of teaching is at ‘operational stage’ as stated by Jean Piaget.


           Morris, L.Bigge, in his book, ‘Learning theory for Teachers’, defines that understanding level teaching, “seeks to acquaint students with the relationships between generalizations and particulars, between principles and solitary facts, and which show- the use to which the principles may be applied.”

                                    This definition shows that learners at this stage need to comprehend a larger number of concepts, elements, facts, and principles; to know the relationship between facts and principles to make generalizations and to draw inference there from.

      Memory level teaching is a pre-requisition for understanding level-teaching. It is a figment of imagination to have results without this level. In this level, the teacher instructs the students in such a manner that the students are able to understand it in a proper way. In short, we can say that in the understanding level-teaching, the teacher gives full freedom to the students to avail their intellectual capabilities. This step helps the students to develop the significant skills for detail, insight and solvingintricate problems. Through this way, both the teacher and student helps in the development of the lesson.

Model of Understanding Level of Teachings

         The model of understanding level-teaching was developed by Henry C. Morrison. Therefore, this model is named as Morrison’s Teaching Model. The model is arranged in the following manner by Morrison:

•   Focus

•   Syntax

•   Social system

•   Support system

  (i)  Focus: The focal point or the aim of this level-teaching according to Morrison is to understand the concept completely by the student. This focal point is emphasized by the teacher so that there is a desirable change in the behaviour of the students.

(ii)   Syntax: This stage of the understanding level has been further classified by Morrison and a teacher can achieve the teaching-learning situation by ensuing them. There are classified as:

v  Exploration

v  Presentation

v  Assimilation

v  Organization

v  Recitation

(a)   Exploration: The following tasks have been given by Morrison under this step:

•  Testing the student’s previous acquired knowledge by questioning them

•  Assessing the content to be delivered to the students by arranging the content in a logical sequence from the psychological point of view

•  Deciding as to how the content is to be delivered and presented to the students.

(b)  Presentation: The teacher is more active in this stage. The teacher has to carry out the following tasks for delivering the idea to the students:

ü  The teacher is responsible to deliver the contents in small components. He should also try to maintain the order of these divisions by building a relationship with the students.

ü  The teacher should make sure whether the contents delivered by him has been understood by the students or not. If the students are not able to understand, then he should make sure that he repeats the contents till they understand it.

ü  The teacher should recapitulate the ideas so that the students are clear about the ideas.

(c)   Assimilation: Once the content has been provided, the teacher makes sure if the students have acquired the new lessons, and if they have acquired it then the teacher gives them the opportunity to assimilate. Assimilation consists of the following features:

Ø  The students are given the opportunity for generalization through assimilation so that they are able to understand the concept completely.

Ø  Assimilation is provided to the students to emphasize the significance of the content.

Ø  During assimilation, each and everystudent is given the opportunity to learn the content according to his own requirement. Therefore, the teacher should give as many opportunities to the students to perform individual tasks.

Ø  In this process, the students are encouraged to work in laboratories and libraries and are also given assignments to be completed as homework.

Ø  In this stage, the teachers supervise the students and both students and teachers remain active in this stage. The teacher’s guide the students while performing individual tasks.

Ø  In the assimilation stage, the teacher makes sure if the students have completely understood the content delivered by him and if this does not happen, then he gives the opportunities for re- assimilation.

(d)  Organization: According to the nature of the model, after completing the test of mastery of the content, the students now arrive at the organization or recitation period. In this stage, the students are given the opportunity to present. The students are to write the acquired ideas in their own language, through which the teacher can make out if the students have understood the content and if they can write on their own without the help of the teacher. The re-presentation in the subjects like mathematics, grammar and arithmetic has no importance. Therefore, after this they enter the stage of recitation rather to the organization.

(e)   Recitation: This being the last stage of the understanding level-teaching, the students provide or recite the ideas acquired by the student in front of the entire class and the teacher.

 

(iii)  Social system: The various stages of the social system continue altering in the understanding level of teaching. While presentation, the teacher acts as a dictator as in the memory level by controlling the behaviour of the students, as well as provides motivation to the students. In the stage of assimilation, both—the teacher and the students—are active. The teacher only provides some essential directions and the students work on their own with fulldedication. Therefore, in this level, both intrinsic as well as extrinsic motivation is provided to the students.

(iv)  Support system: Similar to the social system, here too the system does not remain stagnant but continue changing. The students are required to perform well in the examination of presentation, only then they are able to carryout experiments in assimilation. Moreover, the students are also required to perform well in the assimilation test to be able to enter the stages of organization and recitation. A written test is carried out at the end of the organization stage, after which the recitation stage is carried out through an oral test. Therefore, both—written and oral test—are carried out in the various stages of the understanding level-teaching.

Merits of /understanding Level of Teaching

1. Effective Learning: - The understating level teaching results in effective learning because of the democratic environment, useful tools and devices employed and learner’s participation in the whole teaching-learning process.

2. Development of Different Cognitive Abilities:- The students at this level develop the ability to comprehend. To infer, to interrelate, to analyze and synthesize and to generalize and draw conclusive principles etc. and to apply them in practical life situations.

3. Sets stage for Entering Reflective Level of Teaching: - The ability developed and achieved at this level teaching becomes the basic for entering next level of teaching with strong footing. The principles, rules and generalizations drawn at this level prove quite useful in the reflective level teaching-learning.

4. Performance and Output: - The contents of instructional material, methods and techniques of delivering information, learner’s role and relationship with the teacher in teaching-learning process, methods and devices used for evaluation-all provide opportunity for the learner to benefit maximally from instruction and show appreciably good performance and output to meet the objectives of teaching and learning.

5. Effective Classroom Interaction: - At the understanding level of teaching-learning the students participate actively in the classroom interaction. Their active involvement helps them to sustain the learned concepts in their mind with clear understanding.

Demerits of Understanding Level of Teaching

The following are the limitations of understanding level teaching: -

1. Ignoring Higher Cognitive Abilities: -Understanding level of teaching-learning ignores the development of higher order cognitive abilities like creativity, innovative and problem-solving abilities.

2. Less Emphasis on Intrinsic Motivation: - At this level, intrinsic motivation is lacking. Motivation is largely extrinsic and consequently the learner’s ego involvement in learning process is not up to the mark.

3. No Individualized Learning: - The subject-matter at this level is presented to the whole class in an organized manner. No emphasis has been given to individualized learning or self-learning. As a result of this, the students fail to move at their own pace.

4. Teacher Centred: -It is more or less the teacher-centred approach. The students do not get full freedom and autonomy in the teaching learning process. Excess interference of the teacher makes the students passive or inactive in the learning.

      

       Thus the teacher may present teaching-learning contents in a systematic sequence; his presentation of material should be livelier for catching hold the attention and interest of the learners. This needs the use of appropriate devices of educational technology.

                                              Students should be given opportunity not only to master the contents but also to assimilate and interject the learned material. Morrison views that this motive can be achieved through planned learning, which needs to be flexible allowing learners to advance or progress at the pace advantageous to them.

       Objectives of teaching and learning should be very clear; proper arrangements for practicising with the contents should be provided so that learners may take learning as a pleasurable activity, and feel themselves involved in it.

Suggestions for Understanding Level of Teaching

The following are some important suggestions to make the understanding level of teaching effective: -

1. Effective Classroom Interaction: - The students should be involved actively in the interactional process by discussing the concept, asking questions and giving answers during the course of instruction.

2. Organized Subject-matter: - The subject-matter should be organized in a systematic way, so that the students do not face any difficulty in understanding the concept.

3. Meaningfulness of the Subject-matter: - The subject-matter to be taught should be relevant and meaningful to the students. It becomes easier for the students to comprehend the concept, if it is meaningful for them.

4. Effective Method of Teaching: - The teacher should be careful enough to use appropriate method of teaching. He must be acquainted with different methods of teaching and select the best one which can be helpful for enhancing the higher cognitive abilities of the students.

5. Use of Teaching Aids: - AS teaching aids have a significant role in the process to teaching and learning, adequate aids should be used at appropriate time to develop curiosity and foster mental abilities of the students.

6. Proper Classroom Environment: - The teacher should create a conducive classroom environment by employing different techniques using his insight and previous experience. It can help the students for bringing intrinsic motivation towards learning.


note :understanding level of teaching image taken from online sources.



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